killiani synthesis is used to convert an aldose into next higher aldose. All naturally occurring monosaccharides belong to D-series. These are also called homopolysaccharides. Depending upon their behaviour towards hydrolysis, carbohydrates can be of following three types Monosaccharides These cannot be hydrolysed to simpler molecules and further subdivided into tetroses, pentoses or hexoses depending upon the number of carbon atoms. They are also called saccharides (Latin Saccharum = sugar) due to sweet taste of simpler members. The sequence that relates biomolecules to living organism is Carbohydrates Optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes (aldcses) or ketones (ketoses) or compounds which on hydrolysis give these units are known as carbohydrates. Β form: The configuration of a cyclic monosaccharide where the oxygen attached to the anomeric carbon is on the same side of the ring as the CH₂ OH group.Biomolecules are the organic compounds which form the basis of life, i.e., they build up the living system and responsible for their growth and maintenance. Α form: The configuration of a cyclic monosaccharide where the oxygen attached to the anomeric carbon is on the opposite side of the ring from the CH₂ OH group. Stereoisomers or optical isomers: Molecules that differ three-dimensionally by the placement of substituents around one or more atoms in a molecule.Ĭhiral carbon (asymmetric carbon):A carbon that is attached to four different types of atoms or groups of atoms.Īnomeric carbon: A carbon derived from the carbonyl carbon (the ketone or aldehyde functional group) of the open-chain form of the carbohydrate molecule. The α form of glucose has the anomeric OH group opposite from the CH₂OH group, while the β form has the anomeric OH group on the same side as the CH₂OH group.Įpimers: A type of stereoisomer that differs in configuration at a single stereogenic center (the anomeric carbon).Īnomers: A type of stereoisomer that differs in configuration at the hemiacetal or acetal carbon they are a specific type of epimer.Anomers differ in position at the anomeric carbon they are a special type of epimer.
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